For those who just want code: https://github.com/SuavePirate/Xamarin.Onion 

Don’t forget:

1. Part 1 on the general project structure: Onionizing Xamarin Part 1
2. Part 2 on our Domain and Application layers: Onionizing Xamarin Part 2
3. Part 3 on our Infrastructure layer: Onionizing Xamarin Part 3

A strong and scale-able architecture is important in applications, especially in Mobile Apps. APIs and SDKs are constantly changing, new technology is constantly released, and team sizes are always changing. A solid Onion Architecture can save a development team a lot of time by making it simple to change service implementations, restrict access to certain areas, making logic flow easy to follow, and making testing isolated blocks of code easier.

Some of the important topics this will cover:

• Separation of Concerns
• Inversion of Control
• Dependency Injection
• Model-View-ViewModel
• Testability
• Why all these things are important

Part 4

In this section, we will look at the code for our actual Xamarin.Forms client implementation along with talking about building other Non-Xamarin clients into our solution, and sharing as much code between them as possible. This are our Client layer, and will include setting up our Views, ViewModels, IoC container, and start up process.

Client Layer

First thing is first, let’s build our ViewModels. These ViewModels are going to interface with our Application layer by making calls to our defined Service Interfaces that will be injected into the constructors of our ViewModels.

Some things to note: We are using MVVM Light in this example to make our MVVM and IoC easier to get going. So things such as the ViewModelBase class and the Set() method are coming from that library. You can choose to utilize a different library, or roll your own pretty easily. In either case, the principles are the same.

Let’s first abstract some universal properties into a BasePageViewModel.cs

public class BasePageViewModel : ViewModelBase
{
    private bool _isLoading;
    private bool _isEnabled;
    private string _title;
    private ObservableCollection<string> _errors;

    public bool IsLoading
    {
        get
        {
            return _isLoading;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => IsLoading, ref _isLoading, value);
        }
    }
    public bool IsEnabled
    {
        get
        {
            return _isEnabled;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => IsEnabled, ref _isEnabled, value);
        }
    }
    public ObservableCollection<string> Errors
    {
        get
        {
            return _errors;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => Errors, ref _errors, value);
        }
    }

    public string Title
    {
        get
        {
            return _title;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => Title, ref _title, value);
        }
    }
    public BasePageViewModel()
    {
        IsEnabled = true;
        IsLoading = false;
    }

    public override void Cleanup()
    {
        base.Cleanup();
        Errors = null;
    }
}

 

From here let’s make a ViewModel for each of our pages (in this example, we will just look at one “MainPage”)

MainPageViewModel.cs

public class MainPageViewModel : BaseViewModel
{
    private readonly IUserService _userService;
    private string _bodyTitle;
    private string _bodyText;
    public string BodyTitle
    {
        get
        {
            return _bodyTitle;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => BodyTitle, ref _bodyTitle, value);
        }
    }

    public string BodyText
    {
        get
        {
            return _bodyText;
        }
        set
        {
            Set(() => BodyText, ref _bodyText, value);
        }
    }

    private async void Initialize()
    {
        IsLoading = true;
        await Task.Delay(2000); // simulate load time
        var users = await _userService.GetValidUsers();
        if(users?.Data == null || users.Data.Count() == 0)
        {
            var user = await _userService.CreateUserAsync(new NewUser
            {
                FullName = "Felipe Fancybottom",
                Email = "feffancy@fancybottoms.com"
            });

            BodyText = user.Data.Email;
            BodyTitle = user.Data.FullName;
        }
        else
        {
            BodyText = users.Data.First().Email;
            BodyTitle = users.Data.First().FullName;
        }
        IsLoading = false;
    }

    public MainPageViewModel(IUserService userService)
    {
        _userService = userService;

        Title = "Onion Template";
        BodyTitle = "Loading Name";
        BodyText = "Loading Email";
        Initialize();
    }
}

Notice how we injected the IUserService in the constructor, and use that to lazy load some data into our bindable properties. When we create our view and set the BindingContext to this ViewModel, we will see the UI automatically update when those do. This example does it async right from the constructor, but you can load your data and set up your initial properties any way you’d like.

The next step is to initialize our Inversion of Control, Dependency Injection, and ViewModelLocator to tie all our layers together and allow us to automatically set the BindingContext of our Page.

If it makes sense to you, you can break the IoC set up into a separate project that references all the previous layers. For the sake of simplicity, we are going to do it in the same project as our Xamarin.Forms project.

IoCConfig.cs

public class IoCConfig
{
    public IoCConfig()
    {
        ServiceLocator.SetLocatorProvider(() => SimpleIoc.Default);
    }

    public void RegisterViewModels()
    {
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<MainViewModel>();
    }

    public void RegisterRepositories()
    {
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<IUserRepository, UserRepository>(); // this is where you would change the registration to use a different repository
    }

    public void RegisterServices()
    {
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<IUserService, UserService>();
    }

    public void RegisterProviders()
    {
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<IUserDataProvider, UserDataProvider>();
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<ICloudStorageProvider, AzureStorageDataProvider>(); // this is where you would change the registration to use a different provider
    }

    public void RegisterStores()
    {
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<IUserStore, UserStore>();
        SimpleIoc.Default.Register<IStoreManager, StoreManager>();
    }
}

The purpose of this class is to wire up our dependencies as well as our actual container for the ServiceLocator. This example is using SimpleIoc which is packaged with MVVM Light.

Now that we have our other layers glued together, we just need to create our ViewModelLocator to automatically handle our bindings, then make calls to the IoCConfig when the ViewModelLocator is initialized.

ViewModelLocator.cs

public class ViewModelLocator
{
    public MainPageViewModel MainPage
    {
        get
        {
            return ServiceLocator.Current.GetInstance<MainPageViewModel >();
        }
    }
    public ViewModelLocator()
    {
        var iocConfig = new IoCConfig();
        iocConfig.RegisterRepositories();
        iocConfig.RegisterProviders();
        iocConfig.RegisterServices();
        iocConfig.RegisterViewModels();
        iocConfig.RegisterStores();
    }
}

In our constructor, we initialize our IoC, and also provide properties for each of our ViewModels, so that we can bind it easily in our XAML.

The last two steps here are to add a Resource in our App.xaml to our ViewModelLocator, and create our Page.

App.xaml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Application xmlns="http://xamarin.com/schemas/2014/forms" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml" x:Class="OnionTemplate.App">
    <Application.Resources>
        <!-- Application resource dictionary -->
        <ResourceDictionary>
                <vm:ViewModelLocator xmlns:vm="clr-namespace:NAMESPACEOF.VIEWMODELLOCATOR;assembly=YOURPACKAGENAME" x:Key="Locator" />
        </ResourceDictionary>
    </Application.Resources>
</Application>

Now that we have our resource, let’s create our page and wire up the BindingContext in our XAML.

MainPage.xaml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<ContentPage xmlns="http://xamarin.com/schemas/2014/forms" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml" x:Class="NAMESPACE.MainPage" BindingContext="{Binding Source={StaticResource Locator}, Path=Main}" Title="{Binding Title}">
    <ContentPage.Content>
        <StackLayout Orientation="Vertical" HorizontalOptions="Center" VerticalOptions="Center">
            <Label Text="{Binding BodyTitle}"/>
            <Label Text="{Binding BodyText}"/>
            <ActivityIndicator IsRunning="True" IsVisible="{Binding IsLoading}"/>
        </StackLayout>
    </ContentPage.Content>
</ContentPage>

There is nothing required to write in our code behind (MainPage.xaml.cs) since it is all automatically wired up.

Last but not least, set our page in our App.xaml.cs:

App.xaml.cs

public partial class App : Xamarin.Forms.Application
{
    public App()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        MainPage = new NavigationPage(new MainPage());
    }
}

At this point, we should be able to run the application (assuming that the Xamarin.Forms app is started off in each platform the way the template sets it up).

So we have our Xamarin.Forms implementation. But what about other applications that can’t use Xamarin.Forms? Web apps? Xamarin.Mac apps? Cloud apps? WPF?

Here is one of the coolest parts of the entire Onion pattern. We can go ahead and add more projects into our Client layer. These layers can use the same models, interfaces, and in some cases, implementations! For projects where we would need completely different logic, such as a Web App for example, we can implement multiple versions of the Domain and Application layers.

In our web app, we could create another project in the Infrastructure layer (say Infrastructure.WebData) that uses Entity Framework and SQL. Then in our IoCConfig of our Web App, we call to register our Infrastructure.WebData implementations for our Domain.Interfaces.

As long as each project in the Client layer serves the same purpose of configuring Views, and starting up our application with our Inversion of Control, any type of application can live here and follow the same pattern.

The Client layer can also contain abstractions of controls or other utilities that can be referenced by the core Client projects.

What’s Next

In the next segment, we will look at how to integrate our individual mobile platforms, and how to inject custom platform-specific code with some examples using the HockeyApp SDK.

Next: Onionizing Xamarin Part 5

For those who just want code: https://github.com/SuavePirate/Xamarin.Onion 

Don’t forget:

1. Part 1 on the general project structure: Onionizing Xamarin Part 1
2. Part 2 on our Domain and Application layers: Onionizing Xamarin Part 2

A strong and scale-able architecture is important in applications, especially in Mobile Apps. APIs and SDKs are constantly changing, new technology is constantly released, and team sizes are always changing. A solid Onion Architecture can save a development team a lot of time by making it simple to change service implementations, restrict access to certain areas, making logic flow easy to follow, and making testing isolated blocks of code easier.

Some of the important topics this will cover:

• Separation of Concerns
• Inversion of Control
• Dependency Injection
• Model-View-ViewModel
• Testability
• Why all these things are important

Part 3

In this section, we’ll start to dive into the code for our infrastructure layers (or at least what is important), including our business logic and data logic.

Let’s dive into the data layer.

Infrastructure.Data

This layer is our actual implementation of our Domain definitions, so we are going to implement things such as our Repositories, DataProviders, Stores, or anything else that interacts with our data directly.

From our previous post we defined our IGenericStore + IUserStore and our IGenericRepository + IUserRepository, so now let’s implement them.

GenericStore.cs and UserStore.cs

public class GenericStore<T> : IGenericStore<T>
{
    public List<T> Data { get; set; }
    public GenericStore()
    {
        Data = new List<T>();
    }
}

public class UserStore : GenericStore<User>, IUserStore
{
}

For the sake of just testing data, our store just contains a collection of data, however, this is where you could implement an observable collection, or more complex data types as well.

Now a look at the repositories – Our implementation of our repository is just going to use in-memory storage, but this is a place where you could implement SqlLite, Azure Mobile Tables, or local file storage instead. You could implement all of these easily and just switch out in your UserRepository which one it inherits! That’s one of the biggest bonuses of our Onion Architecture. The github repository demonstrates this well: https://github.com/SuavePirate/Xamarin.Onion/blob/master/src/OnionTemplate/OnionTemplate.Infrastructure.Data/Repositories/UserRepository.cs

GenericMemoryRepository.cs and UserRepository.cs

public class GenericMemoryRepository<T> : IGenericRepository<T>
{
    private readonly IStoreManager _storeManager;
    public GenericMemoryRepository(IStoreManager storeManager)
    {
        _storeManager = storeManager;
    }
    public void Add(T entity)
    {
        _storeManager.Set<T>().Data.Add(entity);
    }

    public void AddRange(IEnumerable<T> entities)
    {
        _storeManager.Set<T>().Data.AddRange(entities);
    }

    public Task CommitAsync()
    {
        return Task.FromResult(false); // we don't need to explicitly save changes
    }

    public Task<T> FindAsync(Func<T, bool> predicate)
    {
        var entity = _storeManager.Set<T>().Data.Where(predicate).FirstOrDefault();
    return Task.FromResult(entity);
    }

    public Task<IEnumerable<T>> GetAsync(Func<T, bool> predicate)
    {
        var entities = _storeManager.Set<T>()?.Data?.Where(predicate);
        return Task.FromResult(entities);
    }

    public void Remove(T entity)
    {
        _storeManager.Set<T>().Data.Remove(entity);
    }

    public void RemoveRange(T entities)
    {

    }
}

public class UserRepository : GenericMemoryRepository<User>, IUserRepository
{
    public UserRepository(IStoreManager manager)
    : base(manager)
    {
    }
}

That’s all we need to define for our data  layer for now. Next let’s look at our business logic layer and how it interacts with the data layer through references to our domain interfaces.

Infrastructure.Business

Our business layer is our implementation of our Application layer. So we are going to implement the IBaseService and IUserService we defined in the previous segment:

IBaseService.cs and IUserService.cs

public class BaseService : IBaseService
{
    public BaseService()
    {
    }

    public IEnumerable<string> Validate(object model)
    {
        if(model == null)
            return new List<string> { "Empty model received" };
        return null;
    }
}

public class UserService : BaseService, IUserService
{
    private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
    public UserService(IUserRepository userRepository)
    {
        _userRepository = userRepository;
    }
    public async Task<Result<UserTransferObject>> CreateUserAsync(NewUser model)
    {
        var errors = Validate(model);
        if (errors == null)
        {
            var entity = model.ToUser();
            _userRepository.Add(entity);
            await _userRepository.CommitAsync();

            return new Result<UserTransferObject>(new UserTransferObject(entity));
        }
        return new Result<UserTransferObject>(ResultType.Invalid, errors);
    }

    public async Task<Result<UserTransferObject>> FindByIdAsync(int userId)
    {
        var entity = await _userRepository.FindAsync(user => user.Id == userId);
        if (entity == null)
        {
            return new Result<UserTransferObject>(ResultType.Failed, "Could not find user with this Id");
        }
        return new Result<UserTransferObject>(new UserTransferObject(entity));
    }

    public async Task<Result<UserTransferObject>> RemoveByIdAsync(int userId)
    {
        var entity = await _userRepository.FindAsync(user => user?.Id == userId);
        if (entity == null)
        {
            return new Result<UserTransferObject>(ResultType.Failed, "Could not find user with this Id");
        }
        _userRepository.Remove(entity);
        await _userRepository.CommitAsync();
        return new Result<UserTransferObject>(new UserTransferObject(entity));
    }

    public async Task<Result<IEnumerable<UserTransferObject>>> GetValidUsers()
    {
        var entities = await _userRepository.GetAsync(user =>         !string.IsNullOrEmpty(user?.Email));
        return new Result<IEnumerable<UserTransferObject>>(entities?.Select(entity => new UserTransferObject(entity)));
    }
}

The biggest thing to point out is how the constructor for our UserService takes in an IUserRepository. Later we will set up our IoC container and inject our actual UserService so that the logic ties together. Doing this allows us to avoid referencing the Infrastructure.Data layer in our Infrastructure.Business layer which gives us full Separation of Concerns in our layers.

What’s Next

In the next segment, we’ll talk about implementing our Xamarin.Forms application, setting up our Inversion of Control and Dependency Injection, and tying it all together.

We’ll also look at each of our different platforms and talk about how we can utilize them without using Xamarin.Forms.

Finally, in the last segment, we will talk about how to truly utilize the Onion Architecture to test, pull, and change important pieces of our application without having to touch anything else.

Check out Part 4 to look at the Client Layer